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1、简介
MySQL作为世界上使用最为广泛的数据库之一,免费是其原因之一。但不可忽略的是它本身的功能的确很强大。随着技术的发展,在实际的生产环境中,由单台MySQL数据库服务器不能满足实际的需求。此时数据库集群就很好的解决了这个问题了。采用MySQL分布式集群,能够搭建一个高并发、负载均衡的集群服务器(这篇博客暂时不涉及)。在此之前我们必须要保证每台MySQL服务器里的数据同步。数据同步我们可以通过MySQL内部配置就可以轻松完成,主要有主从复制和主主复制。
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2、环境说明
ip:192.168.95.11、192.168.95.12
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3、主从复制
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3.1、MySQL
已经安装好,并且没有任何数据
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一般Linux中的MySQL配置文件都在/etc/my.cnf(windows中的配置文件为mysql.ini)
注意:二进制日志必须开启,因为数据的同步实质上就是其他的MySQL数据库服务器将这个数据变更的二进制日志在本机上再执行一遍。
192.168.95.11 为主数据库服务器
192.168.95.12 为从数据库服务器
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3.3、开始构建主从复制
第一步:
在192.168.95.11中创建一个192.168.95.12主机中可以登录的MySQL用户
密码:mysql12
mysqlgt;GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO ‘mysql12’@’192.168.95.12’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘mysql12’;
mysqlgt;FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
第二步:
查看192.168.95.11MySQL服务器二进制文件名与位置
mysqlgt;SHOW MASTER STATUS;
第三步:
告知二进制文件名与位置
在192.168.95.12中执行:
mysqlgt;CHANGE MASTER TO
gt;MASTER_HOST=’192.168.95.11’,
gt;MASTER_USER=’mysql12’,
gt;MASTER_PASSWORD=’mysql12’,
gt;MASTER_LOG_FILE=’mysql-bin.000048’,
gt;MASTER_LOG_POS=432;
完成主从复制配置
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3.4、测试主从复制
在192.168.95.12中
mysqlgt;SLAVE START; #开启复制
mysqlgt;SHOW SLAVE STATUSG #查看主从复制是否配置成功
当看到Slave_IO_Running: YES、Slave_SQL_Running: YES才表明状态正常
实际测试:
mysqlgt;SHOW DATABASES;
mysqlgt;SHOW DATABASES;
-----------------------------------------------------
192.168.95.11主MySQL操作:
mysqlgt;create table tab1(id int auto_increment,name varchar(10),primary key(id));
192.168.95.12从MySQL操作:
由上面两个结果图可得知,两主机达到了数据同步。主从复制的配置就是如此的简单。
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4、MySql主主复制
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4.1、实现原理
主主复制即在两台MySQL主机内都可以变更数据,而且另外一台主机也会做出相应的变更。聪明的你也许已经想到该怎么实现了。对,就是将两个主从复制有机合并起来就好了。只不过在配置的时候我们需要注意一些问题,例如,主键重复,server-id不能重复等等。
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4.2、配置文件
--192.168.95.11
server-id=11 #任意自然数n,只要保证两台MySQL主机不重复就可以了。
log-bin=mysql-bin #开启二进制日志
auto_increment_increment=2 #步进值auto_imcrement。一般有n台主MySQL就填n
auto_increment_offset=1 #起始值。一般填第n台主MySQL。此时为第一台主MySQL
binlog-ignore=mysql #忽略mysql库【我一般都不写】
binlog-ignore=information_schema #忽略information_schema库【我一般都不写】
replicate-do-db=aa #要同步的数据库,默认所有库
--192.168.95.12
log-bin=mysql-bin
auto_increment_increment=2
auto_increment_offset=2
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4.3、开始构建主主复制
因为主主复制是两个主从复制组合一起,所以我就接着上面主从复制接着配置。
第一步:
在192.168.95.12中创建一个192.168.95.11主机中可以登录的MySQL用户
用户:mysql11
密码:mysql11
mysqlgt;GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO ‘mysql11’@’192.168.95.11’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘mysql11’;
mysqlgt;FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
第二步:
在192.168.95.12查看二进制日志名和位置
第三步:
告知二进制文件名与位置
在192.168.95.11中执行:
mysqlgt;CHANGE MASTER TO
MASTER_HOST=’192.168.95.12’,
MASTER_USER=’mysql11’,
MASTER_PASSWORD=’mysql11’,
MASTER_LOG_FILE=’mysql-bin.000084’,
MASTER_LOG_POS=107;
完成主主复制配置
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4.4、测试主主复制
mysqlgt;SHOW SLAVE STATUSG #查看主从复制是否配置成功
192.168.95.11
192.168.95.12
当看到Slave_IO_Running: YES、Slave_SQL_Running: YES才表明状态正常
测试:
--192.168.95.11
tab1无数据
--192.168.95.12
mysqlgt;use aa;
tab1无数据
--192.168.95.11插入数据
mysqlgt;insert into tab1 (name) value(‘11’),(‘11’),(‘11’);
--192.168.95.12插入数据
mysqlgt;insert into tab1 (name) value(‘22’),(‘22’),(‘22’);
查看数据:
主主复制配置成功!
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5、注意事项
1、主主复制配置文件中auto_increment_increment和auto_increment_offset只能保证主键不重复,却不能保证主键有序。
2、当配置完成Slave_IO_Running、Slave_SQL_Running不全为YES时,show slave statusG信息中有错误提示,可根据错误提示进行更正。
3、Slave_IO_Running、Slave_SQL_Running不全为YES时,大多数问题都是数据不统一导致。
常见出错点:
1、两台数据库都存在db数据库,而第一台MySQL db中有tab1,第二台MySQL db中没有tab1,那肯定不能成功。
2、已经获取了数据的二进制日志名和位置,又进行了数据操作,导致POS发生变更。在配置CHANGE MASTER时还是用到之前的POS。
3、stop slave后,数据变更,再start slave。出错。
终极更正法:重新执行一遍CHANGE MASTER就好了。
As one of the most widely used databases in the world, MySQL is free. But it can't be ignored that its function is very powerful. With the development of technology, in the actual production environment, a single MySQL database server can not meet the actual needs. At this time, the database cluster solves this problem very well. With MySQL distributed cluster, you can build a cluster server with high concurrency and load balance (not involved in this blog for the time being). Before that, we must ensure the data synchronization in each MySQL server. Data synchronization can be easily completed through MySQL internal configuration, mainly including master-slave replication and master-slave replication.
2. Environmental description
Two Linux virtual hosts
Linux version CentOS 6.6, MySQL 5.5
ip:192.168.95.11、192.168.95.12
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3. Master-slave replication
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3.1、MySQL
It's installed and there's no data
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In general, MySQL configuration files in Linux are in / etc / my.cnf (mysql.ini in Windows)
Log bin = MySQL bin enable binary log
Note: binary log must be enabled, because data synchronization is essentially another MySQL database server that executes the binary log of data change on the local machine again.
192.168.95.11 main database server
192.168.95.12 is the slave database server
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3.3 start to build master-slave replication
Step 1:
Create a MySQL user in 192.168.95.11 who can log in to the 192.168.95.12 host
User: mysql12
Password: mysql12
mysqlgt;GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO ‘mysql12’@’192.168.95.12’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘mysql12’;
mysqlgt;FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Step 2:
View the binary file name and location of 192.168.95.11 MySQL server
mysqlgt;SHOW MASTER STATUS;
Step 3:
Tell binary name and location
In 192.168.95.12:
mysqlgt;CHANGE MASTER TO
gt;MASTER_HOST=’192.168.95.11’,
gt;MASTER_USER=’mysql12’,
gt;MASTER_PASSWORD=’mysql12’,
gt;MASTER_LOG_FILE=’mysql-bin.000048’,
gt;MASTER_LOG_POS=432;
Complete master-slave replication configuration
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3.4 test master-slave replication
In 192.168.95.12
MySQL gt; slave start; ා enable replication
MySQL gt; show slave status g ා check whether the master-slave replication is configured successfully
When you see slave IO running: Yes, slave SQL running: Yes, the status is normal
Actual test:
-- log in to 192.168.95.11 main MySQL
mysqlgt;SHOW DATABASES;
-- log in to 192.168.95.12 and log in from mysql
mysqlgt;SHOW DATABASES;
-----------------------------------------------------
192.168.95.11 main MySQL operation:
mysqlgt;create database aa;
mysqlgt;use aa;
mysqlgt;create table tab1(id int auto_increment,name varchar(10),primary key(id));
mysqlgt;show databases;
mysqlgt;show tables;
192.168.95.12 operation from MySQL:
mysqlgt;show databases;
mysqlgt;show tables;
From the above two results, we can see that the two hosts have achieved data synchronization. The configuration of master-slave replication is so simple.
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4. MySQL primary primary replication
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4.1 implementation principle
The primary and primary replication can change data in both MySQL hosts, and the other host will make corresponding changes. Smart you may have thought about how to achieve it. Yes, just combine the two master-slave replication. However, we need to pay attention to some problems during configuration, such as duplicate primary key, server ID, etc.
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4.2 configuration file
--192.168.95.11
Server id = 11 ා any natural number n, as long as the two MySQL hosts are not repeated.
Log bin = MySQL Bin - enable binary log
Auto increment = 2 step value auto increment. Generally, if there are n main mysql, fill in n
Auto increment offset = 1 initial value. Generally fill in the nth main mysql. This is the first main MySQL
Binlog ignore = MySQL ා ignore MySQL database [I don't usually write it]
Binlog ignore = information ﹐ schema ﹐ ignore the information ﹐ schema library [I don't usually write it]
Replicate do DB = AA ා database to be synchronized, all databases by default
--192.168.95.12
server-id=12
log-bin=mysql-bin
auto_increment_increment=2
auto_increment_offset=2
replicate-do-db=aa
Restart MySQL after configuration
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4.3. Start to build primary primary replication
Since the primary and secondary replication is a combination of two primary and secondary replication, I will continue the above primary and secondary replication and then configure.
Step 1:
In 192.168.95.12, create a MySQL user that can log in to the 192.168.95.11 host
User: mysql11
Password: mysql11
mysqlgt;GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO ‘mysql11’@’192.168.95.11’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘mysql11’;
mysqlgt;FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Step 2:
Check binary log name and location at 192.168.95.12
mysqlgt;show master status;
Step 3:
Tell binary name and location
In 192.168.95.11:
mysqlgt;CHANGE MASTER TO
MASTER_HOST=’192.168.95.12’,
MASTER_USER=’mysql11’,
MASTER_PASSWORD=’mysql11’,
MASTER_LOG_FILE=’mysql-bin.000084’,
MASTER_LOG_POS=107;
Complete primary primary replication configuration
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4.4 test primary primary replication
Start slave start respectively;
MySQL gt; show slave status g ා check whether the master-slave replication is configured successfully
192.168.95.11
192.168.95.12
When you see slave IO running: Yes, slave SQL running: Yes, the status is normal
Test:
--192.168.95.11
mysqlgt;use aa;
mysqlgt;select*from tab1;
Tab1 no data
--192.168.95.12
mysqlgt;use aa;
mysqlgt;select*from tab1;
Tab1 no data
-- 192.168.95.11 insert data
mysqlgt;insert into tab1 (name) value(‘11’),(‘11’),(‘11’);
-- 192.168.95.12 insert data
mysqlgt;insert into tab1 (name) value(‘22’),(‘22’),(‘22’);
View data:
The data results of the two hosts are the same!
Primary primary replication configuration succeeded!
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5. Precautions
1. Auto increment and auto increment offset in the primary and primary replication configuration file can only ensure that the primary key is not duplicate, but not orderly.
2. When the slave IO running and slave SQL running are not all yes, there is an error prompt in the show slave status g message, which can be corrected according to the error prompt.
3. When slave IO running and slave SQL running are not all yes, most problems are caused by data inconsistency.
Common mistakes:
1. Both databases have DB databases, but the first MySQL DB has tab1, and the second MySQL DB does not have tab1, which is certainly not successful.
2. The binary log name and location of the data have been obtained, and the data operation has been carried out, resulting in the change of POS. The previous POS is still used when configuring change master.
3. After stop slave, the data changes, and then start slave. Mistakes.
The ultimate correction: just execute change master again.
(the above are some of my own opinions. If there are any shortcomings or mistakes, please point out.)
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